Equipment Cost Estimation

The openpytea.equipment module estimates purchased and installed costs for individual process units using published cost correlations, automatic CEPCI inflation adjustment, and process/material installation factors.

How costs are estimated

Purchased cost correlations

Six correlation forms are supported:

Offset power-law

\[C_p = a + b \cdot S^n\]

Log-log quadratic

\[\log_{10} C_p = K_1 + K_2 \log_{10} S + K_3 \left(\log_{10} S\right)^2 + K_4 \left(\log_{10} S\right)^3 + K_5 \left(\log_{10} S\right)^4\]

Ln-ln quadratic

\[\ln C_p = K_1 + K_2 \ln S + K_3 \left(\ln S\right)^2 + K_4 \left(\ln S\right)^3 + K_5 \left(\ln S\right)^4\]

Same form as log-log quadratic but with natural rather than base-10 logarithms. \(K_4\) and \(K_5\) are optional (default 0) and let either log-based form fit a cubic or quartic trend when the underlying data calls for it — the built-in correlations of both forms currently only use \(K_1\)–\(K_3\).

Power-sizing

\[C_p = C_0 \left( \frac{S}{S_0} \right)^f\]

Exponential

\[C_p = a \cdot \exp(b \cdot S)\]

2-var power-law

\[C_p = a + b \cdot S_1^{n} \cdot S_2^{n_2}\]

For equipment priced off two independent size parameters (e.g., a belt conveyor’s width and length). \(a\) is typically 0 unless the correlation has a genuine offset term. Evaluating this form requires passing both sizes, e.g. Equipment(..., param=(S1, S2)) — see Example 10 below.

where \(S\) (or \(S_1\), \(S_2\)) is the equipment size parameter (e.g., shaft power in kW, heat transfer area in m²) and \(C_p\) is the purchased cost in the correlation’s reference year (USD). For the power-sizing form, \(S_0\) and \(C_0\) are a reference size and its corresponding cost.

All correlations and their coefficients are stored in cost_correlations.csv.

OpenPyTEA does not require a database match. You can bypass the built-in correlations entirely and supply your own purchased_cost directly — for vendor quotes, proprietary data, or equipment types not yet in the database. See Example 3 below.

CEPCI inflation adjustment

Purchased costs are inflated from the correlation’s reference year to the target year using the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI):

\[C_{\text{target}} = C_{\text{ref}} \times \frac{\text{CEPCI}_{\text{target}}}{\text{CEPCI}_{\text{ref}}}\]

Historical CEPCI values are bundled with the package in cepci_values.csv. The default target year is 2024.

The bundled values are sourced from the University of Manchester CEPCI table (accessed 7 April 2026). Users are encouraged to verify these values and, if more recent or detailed data are available, replace them by editing ``cepci_values.csv`` directly before running their analysis.

Direct (installed) cost

The direct cost adds installation contributions on top of the purchased cost:

\[C_D = C_p \left[ (1 + f_p) \cdot f_m + \left( f_{er} + f_{el} + f_i + f_c + f_s + f_l \right) \right]\]

where \(f_m\) is the material factor and \(f_p\), \(f_{er}\), \(f_{el}\), \(f_i\), \(f_c\), \(f_s\), \(f_l\) are the piping, erection, electrical, instrumentation, civil, structural, and lagging factors respectively. Default installation factor values depend on the process_type (see Process installation factors below). All factors can be overridden per equipment item via constructor keyword arguments — see Example 9 for details.

Source: Towler & Sinnott (2022)

Equipment Cost Correlations

cost_correlations.csv bundles 417 correlations spanning 34 equipment categories (agitators, compressors, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, reactors, conveyors, and more), pulled from several published sources:

• Turton et al., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes (2018) — log-log quadratic correlations.

• Towler & Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design (2010) — offset power-law correlations.

• Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Table 9-50 (1997) — power-sizing correlations, cost-escalated to 1996 via the Marshall & Swift index.

• Seider et al., Product and Process Design Principles, 4th ed. (2013) — ln-ln quadratic, offset/2-var power-law, and exponential correlations for solids-handling, size-enlargement, and separation equipment.

• Ulrich (2003), ESDU 97006 (1997), and several process-specific studies (Manzolini, Kreutz, Parkinson, Towler, Nexant, NREL) covering compressors, furnaces, gas separation, and CO₂ capture equipment.

Each row records the correlation’s category, type, size units, valid size range (s_lower–s_upper, plus s2_lower–s2_upper for two-parameter forms), correlation form, reference cost_year, its default material (the construction material the quoted cost basis assumes, e.g. Carbon steel or Stainless steel — override via the Equipment constructor’s material argument), its source (clickable, linking to the DOI or reference where available), any Remarks (basis of the quoted cost, e.g. free-on-board vs. installed, included/excluded motor, escalation notes), and the correlation key. Use the key value as the cost_func argument when you need to pin a specific correlation (see Example 2 below), and the category/type values for the Equipment constructor.

The correlation coefficients themselves are not shown in this summary table — download the full cost_correlations.csv for those.

The table below is generated directly from cost_correlations.csv and is searchable, sortable, and paginated — use the search box to filter by category, type, form, or source, or click a column header to sort. Category and Type stay pinned while you scroll horizontally through the remaining columns.

Built-in equipment cost correlations

Category	Type	Units	Min size	Max size	Form	Year	Default material	Source	Remarks	Key
Adsorption & membrane separation	Gas permeation	membrane surface area, ft2			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Membrane module.	gas_permeation_seider_2013
Adsorption & membrane separation	Pervaporation	membrane surface area, ft2			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Membrane module.	pervaporation_seider_2013
Adsorption & membrane separation	Reverse osmosis, brackish water	purified water, million gal/day	0.2	14	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	Bare-module cost	osmosis_brackish_seider_2013
Adsorption & membrane separation	Reverse osmosis, seawater	purified water, million gal/day	2	50	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	Bare-module cost	osmosis_seawater_seider_2013
Adsorption & membrane separation	Ultrafiltration (high estimate)	membrane surface area, ft2			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Membrane cartridge.	ultrafiltration_high_seider_2013
Adsorption & membrane separation	Ultrafiltration (low estimate)	membrane surface area, ft2			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Membrane cartridge.	ultrafiltration_low_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Agitator, propeller, closed vessel	motor power, Hp	1	8	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Direct coupling to motor, pressures to 150 psig. Includes motor and shaft.	agitator_propeller_closed_vessel_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Agitator, propeller, open tank	motor power, Hp	1	8	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Direct coupling to motor. Includes motor and shaft.	agitator_propeller_open_tank_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Agitator, turbine, closed vessel	motor power, Hp	2	60	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes speed reducer, motor and shaft. Pressures to 150 psig.	agitator_turbine_closed_vessel_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Agitator, turbine, open tank	motor power, Hp	2	60	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes speed reducer, motor and shaft.	agitator_turbine_open_tank_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Agitator, turbine, top entry, closed	kW	1.5	150	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	agitator_turbine_top_entry_closed_perry_1996
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Agitator, turbine, top entry, open	kW	1.5	22.4	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	agitator_turbine_top_entry_open_perry_1996
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Impeller mixer	power, kW	5	150	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	impeller_mixer_turton_2001
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Kneader blender	volume, m3	0.14	3	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	kneader_blender_turton_2001
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Kneader, sigma double arm	volume, ft3	20	380	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	kneader_sigma_double_arm_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Kneader, tilting double arm	volume, ft3	10	56	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	kneader_tilting_double_arm_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Muller mixer	volume, ft3	10	380	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	muller_mixer_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Propeller mixer	driver power, kW	5	75	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	propeller_mixer_towler_2010
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Propeller mixer	power, kW	5	500	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	propeller_mixer_turton_2001
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Ribbon blender	volume, m3	0.7	11	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	ribbon_blender_turton_2001
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Ribbon mixer	volume, ft3	25	320	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	ribbon_mixer_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Rotary blender	volume, m3	0.7	11	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	rotary_blender_turton_2001
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Spiral ribbon mixer	driver power, kW	5	35	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	spiral_ribbon_mixer_towler_2010
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Static mixer	flow, L/s	1	50	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	static_mixer_towler_2010
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Tumbler, double cone	volume, ft3	50	270	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	tumbler_double_cone_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Tumbler, twin shell	volume, ft3	35	330	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	tumbler_twin_shell_seider_2013
Agitators, blenders, & mixers	Turbine mixer	power, kW	5	150	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	turbine_mixer_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Boiler, field erected (10-70 bar)	steam, kg/h	20,000	800,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	boilers_erected_towler_2010
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Boiler, packaged (15-40 bar)	steam, kg/h	5,000	200,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	boilers_packaged_towler_2010
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Burner	vessel volume, m3			offset power-law	2016	n.a.	Parkinson (2016)		burner_parkinson_2016
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Diphenyl heater	duty, kW	650	10,750	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	diphenyl_heater_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Dowtherm A heater	heat absorbed, Btu/hr	500,000	70,000,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	dowtherm_a_heater_seider_2013
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Electric arc furnace	net electric power, MWe			offset power-law	2016	n.a.	Parkinson (2016)		electric_arc_furnace_parkinson_2016
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Furnace, box	duty, kW	30	120	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	box_furnace_towler_2010
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Furnace, cylindrical	duty, kW	0.2	60	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	cylindrical_furnace_towler_2010
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Gas-fired heater	heat duty, Btu/hr	10,000,000	500,000,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressures up to 500 psig.	gas-fired_heater_seider_2013
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Hot water heater	duty, kW	650	10,750	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	hot_water_heater_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Hot water heater	heat absorbed, Btu/hr	500,000	70,000,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	hot_water_heater_fired_seider_2013
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Kettle, jacketed, glass-lined	m3	0.2	3.8	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	kettle_jacketed_glass_lined_perry_1996
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Molten salt heater	duty, kW	650	10,750	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	molten_salt_heater_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Molten salt, mineral & silicon oil heater	heat absorbed, Btu/hr	500,000	70,000,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	molten_salt_silicon_oil_heater_seider_2013
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Nonreactive fired heater	duty, kW	1,000	100,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	nonreactive_fired_heater_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Pyrolysis furnace	duty, kW	3,000	100,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	pyrolysis_furnace_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Pyrolysis furnace	duty, kW	2,900	60,000	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		pyrolysis_furnace_ulrich_2003
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Pyrolysis furnace	heat absorbed, Btu/hr	10,000,000	500,000,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressure to 10 atm.	pyrolysis_furnace_seider_2013
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Reformer furnace	duty, kW	3,000	100,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	reformer_furnace_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Reformer furnace	heat absorbed, Btu/hr	10,000,000	50,000,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressure to 10 atm.	reformer_furnace_seider_2013
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Steam boiler	duty, kW	1,200	9,400	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	steam_boiler_turton_2001
Boilers, heaters, & furnaces	Steam boiler	heat absorbed, Btu/hr	500,000	70,000,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressure to 20 atm.	steam_boiler_seider_2013
Centrifuges	Atmospheric suspended basket	power, kW	2	20	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	atmospheric_suspended_basket_centrifuge_towler_2010
Centrifuges	Auto batch separator	diameter, m	0.5	1.7	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	auto_batch_separator_turton_2001
Centrifuges	Automatic batch, horizontal	m2, filter area	0.65	7.43	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	automatic_batch_horizontal_perry_1996
Centrifuges	Batch, bottom-drive, vertical basket	bowl diameter, in.	20	43	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	batch_bottom_drive_vert_basket_seider_2013
Centrifuges	Batch, top-drive, vertical basket	bowl diameter, in.	20	43	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	batch_top_drive_vert_basket_seider_2013
Centrifuges	Centrifugal separator	diameter, m	0.5	1	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	centrifugal_separator_turton_2001
Centrifuges	Continuous reciprocating pusher	tons solids/hr	1	20	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	continuous_reciprocating_pusher_seider_2013
Centrifuges	Continuous scroll solid bowl	tons solids/hr	2	40	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	continuous_scroll_solid_bowl_seider_2013
Centrifuges	High-speed disk	diameter, m	0.26	0.49	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	high_speed_disk_centrifuge_towler_2010
Centrifuges	Horizontal auto-batch	bowl diameter, in.	20	43	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	horizontal_auto_batch_seider_2013
Centrifuges	Oscillating screen	diameter, m	0.5	1.1	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	oscillating_screen_turton_2001
Centrifuges	Solid bowl, without motor	diameter, m	0.3	2	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	solid_bowl_centrifuge_without_motor_turton_2001
Centrifuges	Vertical auto-batch	bowl diameter, in.	20	70	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	vertical_auto_batch_seider_2013
CO2 capture	MEA CCS technology	kg/s			offset power-law	2011	n.a.	NREL (2011)		mea_ccs_technology_2011
Compressors & blowers	Air blower	electric power, MWe			offset power-law	2006	n.a.	Manzolini (2011)		air_blower_manzolini_2006
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal (turbo) blower	horsepower, hp	5	1,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive. Compression ratio up to 2. Uses sheet metal blades.	centrifugal_turbo_blower_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal compressor, electric motor drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	200	30,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.6	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_compressor_electric_motor_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal compressor, gas turbine drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	200	30,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.8	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a gas turbine drive.	centrifugal_compressor_gas_turbine_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal compressor, steam turbine drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	200	30,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.7	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a steam turbine drive.	centrifugal_compressor_steam_turbine_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, backward curved fan, head 16-30 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_backward_curved_fan_head_16-30_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, backward curved fan, head 31-40 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_backward_curved_fan_head_31-40_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, backward curved fan, head 5-8 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_backward_curved_fan_head__5-8_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, backward curved fan, head 9-15 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_backward_curved_fan_head_9-15_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, backward curved fan, head less than 4 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_backward_curved_fan_head_less_4_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, straight radial fan, head 16-30 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_straight_radial_fan_head_16-30_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, straight radial fan, head 5-8 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_straight_radial_fan_head__5-8_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, straight radial fan, head 9-15 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_straight_radial_fan_head_9-15_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Centrifugal, straight radial fan, head less than 4 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	centrifugal_straight_radial_fan_head_less_4_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	CO2 compressor	electric power, MWe			offset power-law	2011	n.a.	Manzolini (2011)		co2_compressor_manzolini_2011
Compressors & blowers	H2 compressor	electric power, MWe			offset power-law	1987	n.a.	Leal Perez (2021)		h2_compressor_pandolfo_1987
Compressors & blowers	Propeller fan, head less than 4 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	15,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	propeller_fan_seider_2023
Compressors & blowers	Reciprocating compressor, electric motor drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	100	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.9	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	reciprocating_compressor_electric_motor_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Reciprocating compressor, gas turbine drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	100	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.11	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a gas turbine drive.	reciprocating_compressor_gas_turbine_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Reciprocating compressor, steam turbine drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	100	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.10	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a steam turbine drive.	reciprocating_compressor_steam_turbine_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Rotary straight-lobe blower	horsepower, hp	1	1,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive. Compression ratio up to 2.	rotary_straight_lobe_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Screw compressor, electric motor drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	10	750	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.12	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	screw_compressor_electric_motor_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Screw compressor, gas turbine drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	10	750	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.14	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a gas turbine drive.	screw_compressor_gas_turbine_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Screw compressor, steam turbine drive	consumed power, horsepower, hp	10	750	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.13	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a steam turbine drive.	screw_compressor_steam_turbine_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Vane-axial fan, head 5-8 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	800,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	vane_axial_fan_head__5-8_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Vane-axial fan, head 9-15 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	800,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	vane_axial_fan_head_9-15_seider_2013
Compressors & blowers	Vane-axial fan, head less than 4 in. H2O	Flow rate gas entering fan, ACFM	1,000	800,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes an electric motor drive.	vane_axial_fan_head_less_4_seider_2013
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Axial tube fan	gas flowrate, m3/s	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	axial_tube_fan_turton_2001
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Axial vane fan	gas flowrate, m3/s	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	axial_vane_fan_turton_2001
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Backward curve fan	gas flowrate, m3/s	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	backward_curve_fan_turton_2001
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Blower	m3/h	200	5,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	blower_towler_2010
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Blower, centrifugal, excluding motor	Sm3/s	0.24	71	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost; 27.6 kN/m^2 excluding motor	blower_centrifugal_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Centrifugal radial fan	gas flowrate, m3/s	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	centrifugal_radial_fan_turton_2001
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Compressor, centrifugal	driver power, kW	75	30,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	centrifugal_compressor_towler_2010
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Compressor, centrifugal / axial / reciprocating	fluid power, kW	450	3,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	compressor_all_turton_2001
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Compressor, reciprocating	driver power, kW	93	16,800	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	reciprocating_compressor_towler_2010
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Compressor, reciprocating, including motor	kW	0.75	1,490	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b. Including motor. <1000lbf.in^2	compressor_reciprocating_including_motor_perry_1996
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Compressor, rotary	fluid power, kW	18	950	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	compressor_rotary_turton_2001
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Liquid-ring vacuum pump	flow at suction, ft3/min	50	350	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel with sealant recirculation.	liquid_ring_vacuum_pump_seider_2013
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Screw compressor (vacuum service)	flow at suction, ft3/min	50	350	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. With protective controls.	screw_compressor_vacuum_seider_2013
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Three-stage claw vacuum pump	flow at suction, ft3/min	60	270	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes intercoolers.	three_stage_claw_vacuum_pump_seider_2013
Compressors, fans, & blowers	Three-stage lobe vacuum pump	flow at suction, ft3/min	60	240	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes intercoolers.	three_stage_lobe_vacuum_pump_seider_2013
Conveyors	Apron	area, m2	1	15	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	apron_conveyor_turton_2001
Conveyors	Belt	area, m2	0.5	325	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	belt_conveyor_turton_2001
Conveyors	Belt	Width, in & length, ft	14	60	2-var power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Does not include motor or drive.	belt_conveyor_seider_2013
Conveyors	Belt, 0.5 m wide	length, m	10	500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	belt_conveyor_05m_towler_2010
Conveyors	Belt, 1.0 m wide	length, m	10	500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	belt_conveyor_10m_towler_2010
Conveyors	Belt, excluding motor	m2	5.6	18.6	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	belt_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Conveyors	Bucket elevator	Bucket width, in & height, ft	6	20	2-var power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Does not include motor or drive.	bucket_elevator_seider_2013
Conveyors	Bucket elevator, 0.5 m bucket	height, m	10	30	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	bucket_elevator_05m_towler_2010
Conveyors	Pneumatic	area, m2	0.75	65	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	pneumatic_conveyor_turton_2001
Conveyors	Pneumatic	Solids flow, lb/s & equivalent length, ft	3	30	2-var power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes blower, motor, piping, rotary valve, and cyclone	pneumatic_conveyor_seider_2013
Conveyors	Screw	area, m2	0.5	30	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	screw_conveyor_turton_2001
Conveyors	Screw	Diameter, in & length, ft	6	20	2-var power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Does not include motor, drive, lid, or jacket.	screw_conveyor_seider_2013
Conveyors	Screw, excluding motor	m x mm diameter	390	780	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost. Excluding motor.	screw_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Conveyors	Vibratory	Width, in & length, ft	12	36	2-var power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Does not include motor or drive.	vibratory_conveyor_seider_2013
Crushers	Ball mill	t/h	0.7	60	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	ball_mill_towler_2010
Crushers	Ball mill	feed rate, ton/hr	1	30	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and drive.	ball_mills_seider_2013
Crushers	Cone crusher	feed rate, ton/hr	20	300	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and drive.	cone_crushers_seider_2013
Crushers	Cone, crusher only	kW	22.4	224	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Crusher only.	cone_crusher_only_perry_1996
Crushers	Gyratory crusher	t/h	200	3,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	gyratory_crusher_towler_2010
Crushers	Gyratory crusher	feed rate, ton/hr	25	1,200	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and drive.	gyratory_crushers_seider_2013
Crushers	Hammer mill	feed rate, ton/hr	2	200	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and drive.	hammer_mills_seider_2013
Crushers	Jaw crusher	t/h	100	500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	jaw_crusher_towler_2010
Crushers	Jaw crusher	feed rate, ton/hr	10	200	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and drive.	jaw_crushers_seider_2013
Crushers	Jaw, excluding motor	kW	0.75	44.7	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	jaw_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Crushers	Jaw, including motor	kW	44.7	300	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	jaw_including_motor_perry_1996
Crushers	Jet mill	feed rate, ton/hr	1	5	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and drive.	jet_mills_seider_2013
Crushers	Pulverizer	kg/h	200	4,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	pulverizer_towler_2010
Crushers	Reversible hammer mill	t/h	30	400	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	reversible_hammer_mill_towler_2010
Crystallizers	Batch	volume, m3	1.5	30	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	batch_crystallizer_turton_2001
Crystallizers	Batch evaporative	volume, ft3	50	1,000	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	batch_evaporative_crystallizer_seider_2013
Crystallizers	Draft-tube baffled, continuous evaporative	tons crystals/day	10	250	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	draft_tube_baffled_crystallizer_seider_2013
Crystallizers	Forced circulation	metric ton/day	9.1	970	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	forced_circulation_perry_1996
Crystallizers	Forced circulation, continuous evaporative	tons crystals/day	10	1,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	forced_circulation_crystallizer_seider_2013
Crystallizers	Jacketed scraped wall, continuous cooling	length, ft	15	200	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	jacketed_scraped_wall_crystallizer_seider_2013
Crystallizers	Scraped surface	length, m	7	280	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	scraped_surface_crystallizer_towler_2010
Dryers	Atmospheric tray batch dryer	area, m2	3	20	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	atmospheric_tray_batch_dryer_towler_2010
Dryers	Batch tray dryer	tray area, ft2	20	200	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	batch_tray_dryer_seider_2013
Dryers	Direct contact rotary dryer	area, m2	11	180	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Direct heated.	direct_contact_rotary_dryer_towler_2010
Dryers	Direct-heat rotary	drum peripheral area, ft2	200	3,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	direct_heat_rotary_dryer_seider_2013
Dryers	Drum	area, m2	0.5	50	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	drum_dryer_turton_2001
Dryers	Drum	heat-transfer area, ft2	60	480	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	drum_dryer_seider_2013
Dryers	Drum, excluding motor	m2	0.9	37	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	drum_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Dryers	Indirect-heat steam-tube rotary	heat-transfer area, ft2	100	1,400	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	indirect_heat_steam_tube_rotary_dryer_seider_2013
Dryers	Rotary, gas dryer	area, m2	5	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	rotary_gas_dryer_turton_2001
Dryers	Spray	evaporation rate, lb/hr	30	3,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	spray_dryer_seider_2013
Dryers	Spray dryer	evaporation rate, kg/h	400	4,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	spray_dryer_towler_2010
Dryers	Tray	area, m2	1.8	20	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	tray_dryer_turton_2001
Dryers	Vacuum, shelf, excluding trays and vacuum equipment	m2	1.4	93	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding trays and vacuum equipment.	vacuum_shelf_excluding_trays_n_vacuum_equipment_perry_1996
Dust collectors	Bag filters	gas flow rate, actual ft3/min	5,000	2,000,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	bag_filters_seider_2013
Dust collectors	Baghouse	volume, m3	0.08	350	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	baghouse_dust_collector_turton_2001
Dust collectors	Cloth, shaker type, including motors	m3/s	0.47	23.6	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Including motors.	cloth_shaker_type_including_motors_perry_1996
Dust collectors	Cyclone scrubber	volume, m3	0.06	200	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	cyclone_scrubber_turton_2001
Dust collectors	Cyclones	gas flow rate, actual ft3/min	200	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	cyclones_seider_2013
Dust collectors	Electrostatic precipitator	volume, m3	0.06	200	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	electrostatic_precipitator_turton_2001
Dust collectors	Electrostatic precipitator	m3/s	37.8	472	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	electrostatic_precipitator_perry_1996
Dust collectors	Electrostatic precipitator	gas flow rate, actual ft3/min	10,000	2,000,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electrostatic_precipitators_seider_2013
Dust collectors	Gas multi-cyclone	volumetric gas rate, m3/s	0.1	50	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		gas_multi_cyclone_ulrich_2003
Dust collectors	Multicyclones	m3/s	0.47	70.8	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	multicyclones_perry_1996
Dust collectors	Multicyclones at 40 celcius	m3/s	0.47	73.83	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	multicyclones_at_40_celcius_perry_1996
Dust collectors	Venturi scrubber	volume, m3	0.06	200	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	venturi_scrubber_turton_2001
Dust collectors	Venturi scrubber	gas flow rate, actual ft3/min	2,000	20,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	venturi_scrubbers_seider_2013
Ejectors	Multistage, including condenser and piping	kg/h/(N/m2)	0.00068	0.34	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Including condenser, piping.	multistage_including_condenser_n_piping_perry_1996
Ejectors	One-stage jet	(lb/hr) / (suction pressure, torr)	0.1	100	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	one_stage_jet_seider_2013
Ejectors	Single stage, 100 psig, steam	kg/h/(N/m2)	0.00068	0.1	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	single_stage_100_psig_steam_perry_1996
Ejectors	Two-stage, including condenser and piping	kg/h/(N/m2)	0.00068	0.034	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Including condenser, piping.	two_stage_including_condenser_n_piping_perry_1996
Evaporators	Agitated falling film	area, m2	0.5	12	offset power-law	2010	304 stainless steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Type 304 SS	agitated_falling_film_evaporator_towler_2010
Evaporators	Agitated film (scraped wall)	area, m2	0.5	5	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	agitated_film_evaporator_turton_2001
Evaporators	Falling film	area, m2	50	500	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	falling_film_evaporator_turton_2001
Evaporators	Falling film	heat-transfer area, ft2	150	4,000	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel + Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel tubes, carbon steel shell.	falling_film_evaporator_seider_2013
Evaporators	Forced circulation	heat-transfer area, ft2	150	8,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	forced_circulation_evaporator_seider_2013
Evaporators	Forced circulation (pumped)	area, m2	5	1,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	forced_circulation_evaporator_turton_2001
Evaporators	Horizontal tube	heat-transfer area, ft2	100	8,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	horizontal_tube_evaporator_seider_2013
Evaporators	Long-tube	area, m2	100	10,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	long_tube_evaporator_turton_2001
Evaporators	Long-tube vertical (rising film)	heat-transfer area, ft2	100	8,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	long_tube_vertical_evaporator_seider_2013
Evaporators	Short-tube	area, m2	10	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	short_tube_evaporator_turton_2001
Evaporators	Vertical tube	area, m2	11	640	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	vertical_tube_evaporator_towler_2010
Expression	Roll presses	wet solids flow rate, lb/hr	150	12,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	roll_presses_expression_seider_2013
Expression	Screw presses	wet solids flow rate, lb/hr	150	12,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	screw_presses_expression_seider_2013
Filters	Bent	area, m2	0.9	115	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	bent_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Cartridge	area, m2	15	200	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	cartridge_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Disc and drum	area, m2	0.9	300	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	disc_n_drum_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Gravity	area, m2	0.5	80	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	gravity_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Leaf	area, m2	0.6	235	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	leaf_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Pan	area, m2	0.9	300	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	pan_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Plate & frame	capacity, m3	0.4	1.4	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	plate_n_frame_filter_towler_2010
Filters	Plate & frame	area, m2	0.5	80	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	plate_frame_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Plate & frame	filtering area, ft2	130	800	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	plate_frame_filter_seider_2013
Filters	Plate and frame	m2	0.9	93	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	plate_n_frame_perry_1996
Filters	Pressure leaf	filtering area, ft2	30	2,500	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	pressure_leaf_filter_seider_2013
Filters	Rotary pan	filtering area, ft2	100	1,100	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	rotary_pan_filter_seider_2013
Filters	Rotary-drum vacuum	filtering area, ft2	10	800	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	rotary_drum_vacuum_filter_seider_2013
Filters	Table	area, m2	0.9	115	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	table_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Tube	area, m2	0.9	115	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	tube_filter_turton_2001
Filters	Vacuum drum	area, m2	10	180	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	vacuum_drum_filter_towler_2010
Filters	Vacuum rotary drum, including motor	m2	0.9	140	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Including motor.	vacuum_rotary_drum_including_motor_perry_1996
Filters	Vertical-pressure leaf	m2	2.8	140	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	vertical_pressure_leaf_perry_1996
Heat exchangers	Air cooler	area, m2	10	10,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	air_cooler_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Air-cooled fin-fan	bare-tube heat-transfer area, ft2	40	150,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	air_cooled_finfan_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Bayonet	area, m2	10	1,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	bayonet_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Double pipe	area, m2	1	80	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	double_pipe_hx_towler_2010
Heat exchangers	Double pipe	area, m2	1	10	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	double_pipe_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Double-pipe	outside surface area of the inner pipe, ft2	2	200	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressures up to 600 psig.	double_pipe_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Fixed tube	area, m2	10	1,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	fixed_tube_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Flat plate	area, m2	10	1,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	flat_plate_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Floating head	area, m2	10	1,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	floating_head_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Floating head shell & tube	area, m2	10	1,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	floating_head_shell_tube_hx_towler_2010
Heat exchangers	Heat exchanger	duty, MMBTU/h			offset power-law	2006	n.a.	Nexant (2006)		hx_nexant_2006
Heat exchangers	Kettle reboiler	area, m2	10	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	kettle_reboiler_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Multiple pipe	area, m2	10	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	multiple_pipe_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Plate & fin 3-streams	volume, m3	0.01	2	offset power-law	1997	n.a.	ESDU 97006		plate_fin_3streams_hx_esdu_1997
Heat exchangers	Plate & fin 4-to-6-streams	volume, m3	0.01	2	offset power-law	1997	n.a.	ESDU 97006		plate_fin_4to6_streams_hx_esdu_1997
Heat exchangers	Plate & frame	area, m2	1	500	offset power-law	2010	304 stainless steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Type 304 SS.	plate_frame_hx_towler_2010
Heat exchangers	Plate & frame	heat-transfer area, ft2	150	15,000	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	plate_frame_hx_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Scraped wall	area, m2	2	20	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	scraped_wall_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Shell & tube, fixed head	tube outside surface area, ft2	150	12,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. This includes 3/4- in. or 1- in. O.D., 16 BWG CS tubes, 20 ft long, on square or triangular pitch in a CS shell for use with shell-side pressures up to 100 psig.	shell_tube_fixed_head_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Shell & tube, floating head	tube outside surface area, ft2	150	12,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. This includes 3/4- in. or 1- in. O.D., 16 BWG CS tubes, 20 ft long, on square or triangular pitch in a CS shell for use with shell-side pressures up to 100 psig.	shell_tube_floating_head_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Shell & tube, kettle-vaporizer	tube outside surface area, ft2	150	12,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. This includes 3/4- in. or 1- in. O.D., 16 BWG CS tubes, 20 ft long, on square or triangular pitch in a CS shell for use with shell-side pressures up to 100 psig.	shell_tube_kettle_vaporized_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Shell & tube, U-tube	tube outside surface area, ft2	150	12,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. This includes 3/4- in. or 1- in. O.D., 16 BWG CS tubes, 20 ft long, on square or triangular pitch in a CS shell for use with shell-side pressures up to 100 psig.	shell_tube_u-tube_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Shell-tube, fixed tube	m2	1.9	1,860	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	shell_tube_fixed_tube_perry_1996
Heat exchangers	Shell-tube, floating head	m2	1.9	1,860	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	shell_tube_floating_head_perry_1996
Heat exchangers	Shell-tube, kettle	m2	1.9	1,860	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	shell_tube_kettle_perry_1996
Heat exchangers	Shell-tube, U-tube	m2	1.9	1,860	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	shell_tube_u_tube_perry_1996
Heat exchangers	Spiral plate	area, m2	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	spiral_plate_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Spiral plate	heat-transfer area, ft2	20	2,000	offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	spiral_plate_hx_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Spiral tube	area, m2	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	spiral_tube_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Spiral tube	heat-transfer area, ft2	1	500	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Stainless steel.	spiral_tube_hx_seider_2013
Heat exchangers	Teflon tube	area, m2	1	10	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	teflon_tube_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	Thermal screw, including motor	m2	1.9	1,860	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	thermal_screw_including_motor_perry_1996
Heat exchangers	Thermosiphon reboiler	area, m2	10	500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	thermosiphon_reboiler_towler_2010
Heat exchangers	U-tube	area, m2	10	1,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	u-tube_hx_turton_2001
Heat exchangers	U-tube kettle reboiler	area, m2	10	500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	u_tube_kettle_reboiler_towler_2010
Heat exchangers	U-tube shell & tube	area, m2	10	1,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	u_shell_tube_hx_towler_2010
Liquid-liquid extractors	Rotating-disk contactor (RDC)	S = height x diameter1.5, ft2.5	3	2,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	rdc_extractor_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Electric motor, explosion-proof enclosure, 1,800 rpm	motor power consumption, Hp	1	250	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electric_motor_explosion_proof_1800_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Electric motor, explosion-proof enclosure, 3,600 rpm	motor power consumption, Hp	1	250	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electric_motor_explosion_proof_3600_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Electric motor, open drip-proof enclosure, 1,800 rpm	motor power consumption, Hp	1	700	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electric_motor_open_drip_1800_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Electric motor, open drip-proof enclosure, 3,600 rpm	motor power consumption, Hp	1	700	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electric_motor_open_drip_3600_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Electric motor, totally enclosed, fan-cooled, 1,800 rpm	motor power consumption, Hp	1	250	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electric_motor_totally_enclosed_fan_cooled_1800_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Electric motor, totally enclosed, fan-cooled, 3,600 rpm	motor power consumption, Hp	1	250	ln-ln quadratic	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	electric_motor_totally_enclosed_fan_cooled_3600_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Explosion-proof	shaft power, kW	75	2,600	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	explosion-proof_turton_2001
Motors & generators	Explosion-proof motor	shaft power, kW	1	2,500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	explosion_proof_motor_towler_2010
Motors & generators	Explosion-proof motor	shaft power, kW	2.5	5,000	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		explosion_proof_motor_ulrich_2003
Motors & generators	Internal combustion engine	shaft power, kW	10	10,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	internal_combustion_engine_turton_2001
Motors & generators	Internal combustion engine	shaft power, Hp	100	4,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	internal_combustion_engine_seider_2013
Motors & generators	Large motors, ac induction, wound rotor, TEFC	kW	18.6	149	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	large_motors_ac_induction_wound_rotor_tefc_perry_1996
Motors & generators	Open/dried-proof	shaft power, kW	75	2,600	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	open/dried-proof_turton_2001
Motors & generators	Small motors, ac induction, wound rotor, TEFC	kW	7.5	18.6	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	small_motors_ac_induction_wound_rotor_tefc_perry_1996
Motors & generators	Totally enclosed	shaft power, kW	75	2,600	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	totally_enclosed_turton_2001
Motors & generators	Totally enclosed motor	shaft power, kW	0.2	9,000	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		totally_enclosed_motor_ulrich_2003
Packings & adsorbents	Activated alumina	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	activated_alumina_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Activated carbon	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	activated_carbon_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Berl saddles, ceramic, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	berl_saddles_ce_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Berl saddles, ceramic, 1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	berl_saddles_ce_1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Berl saddles, ceramic, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	berl_saddles_ce_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, ceramic, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ce_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, ceramic, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ce_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, ceramic, 3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ce_3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, polypropylene, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ pp_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, polypropylene, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ pp_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, polypropylene, 3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ pp_3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, stainless steel, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ ss_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, stainless steel, 1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ ss_1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, stainless steel, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ ss_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, stainless steel, 3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ ss_3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Cascade minirings, stainless steel, 4 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	cascade_minirings_ ss_4in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Intalox saddles, ceramic, 1-1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	intalox_saddles_ce_1-1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Intalox saddles, ceramic, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	intalox_saddles_ce_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Intalox saddles, ceramic, 3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	intalox_saddles_ce_3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Intalox saddles, polypropylene, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	intalox_saddles_ pp_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Intalox saddles, polypropylene, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	intalox_saddles_ pp_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Intalox saddles, polypropylene, 3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	intalox_saddles_ pp_3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Loose, for towers	volume, m3	0.03	628	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	loose_packing_turton_2001
Packings & adsorbents	Molecular sieves	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	molecular_sieves_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, carbon steel, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ cs_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, carbon steel, 1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ cs_1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, carbon steel, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ cs_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, polypropylene, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ pp_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, polypropylene, 1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ pp_1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, polypropylene, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ pp_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, polypropylene, 3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polypropylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ pp_3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, stainless steel, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ ss_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, stainless steel, 1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ ss_1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Pall rings, stainless steel, 2 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	pall_rings_ ss_2in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Raschig rings, carbon steel, 1-1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	raschig_rings_ cs_1-1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Raschig rings, carbon steel, 2-3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	raschig_rings_ cs_2-3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Raschig rings, ceramic, 1-3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Ceramic	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	raschig_rings_ce_1-3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Raschig rings, stainless steel, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	raschig_rings_ ss_1in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Raschig rings, stainless steel, 1.5 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	raschig_rings_ ss_1.5in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Raschig rings, stainless steel, 2-3 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	raschig_rings_ ss_2-3in_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Silica gel	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	silica_gel_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Structured packing, corrugated-sheet, stainless steel	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Stainless steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs. Very approximate estimate in the absence of a vendor quote; installed cost data for structured packings are not widely available.	structured_packing_corrugated-sheet_ss_seider_2013
Packings & adsorbents	Tellerettes, polyethylene, 1 in.	bulk volume, ft3			offset power-law	2013	Polyethylene	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs for dumped packings	tellerettes_ pe_1in_seider_2013
Piping	Complex network, FOB	mm, nominal diameter	25	610	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Cost in US$/ft. f.o.b cost.	complex_network_fob_perry_1996
Piping	Complex network, INST	mm, nominal diameter	25	610	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Cost in US$/ft. Installed cost.	complex_network_inst_perry_1996
Piping	Typical straight run, FOB	mm, nominal diameter	25	610	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Cost in US$/ft. f.o.b cost.	typical_straight_run_fob_perry_1996
Piping	Typical straight run, INST	mm, nominal diameter	25	610	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Cost in US$/ft. Installed cost.	typical_straight_run_inst_perry_1996
Pressure vessels	Horizontal	volume, m3	0.1	628	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	horizontal_vessel_turton_2001
Pressure vessels	Horizontal 304SS	shell mass, kg	120	50,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Not including heads, ports, brackets, internals, etc.	horizontal_304ss_press_vessel_towler_2010
Pressure vessels	Horizontal CS	shell mass, kg	160	50,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Not including heads, ports, brackets, internals, etc.	horizontal_cs_press_vessel_towler_2010
Pressure vessels	Horizontal drum (150 psig)	m3	0.4	302	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50		horizontal_drum_150_psig_perry_1996
Pressure vessels	Horizontal vessel	weight of shell & two heads, lb	1,000	920,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Including nozzles, manholes, and supports, but not internals, platforms, or ladders	horizontal_vessel_seider_2013
Pressure vessels	Horizontal vessel platforms & ladders	vessel’s insider diameter, ft	3	12	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	horizontal_vessel_platform_ladder_seider_2013
Pressure vessels	Vertical	volume, m3	0.3	520	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	vertical_vessel_turton_2001
Pressure vessels	Vertical 304SS	shell mass, kg	120	250,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Not including heads, ports, brackets, internals, etc.	vertical_304ss_press_vessel_towler_2010
Pressure vessels	Vertical CS	shell mass, kg	160	250,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Not including heads, ports, brackets, internals, etc.	vertical_cs_press_vessel_towler_2010
Pressure vessels	Vertical vessel	weight of shell & two heads, lb	4,200	1,000,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Including nozzles, manholes, and supports, but not internals, platforms, or ladders	vertical_vessel_seider_2013
Pressure vessels	Vertical vessel platforms & ladders	vessel’s insider diameter, ft & tangent-to-tangent length of the shell, ft	3	21	2-var power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	vertical_vessel_platform_ladder_seider_2013
Pumps	Centrifugal	shaft power, kW	1	300	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	centrifugal_pump_turton_2001
Pumps	Centrifugal, 1-stage, 1800 rpm, HSC	flow capacity, gpm x sqrt[head, ft]	400	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling but not the motor. Flow rate range: 50-3,500 gpm. Head range: 50-200 ft. Max motor: 200 Hp.	centrifugal_1-stage_1800_HSC_seider_2013
Pumps	Centrifugal, 1-stage, 1800 rpm, VSC	flow capacity, gpm x sqrt[head, ft]	400	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling but not the motor. Flow rate range: 50-3,500 gpm. Head range: 50-200 ft. Max motor: 200 Hp.	centrifugal_1-stage_1800_VSC_seider_2013
Pumps	Centrifugal, 1-stage, 3600 rpm, HSC	flow capacity, gpm x sqrt[head, ft]	400	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling but not the motor. Flow rate range: 50-3,500 gpm. Head range: 50-200 ft. Max motor: 200 Hp.	centrifugal_1-stage_3600_HSC_seider_2013
Pumps	Centrifugal, 1-stage, 3600 rpm, VSC	flow capacity, gpm x sqrt[head, ft]	400	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling but not the motor. Flow rate range: 50-900 gpm. Head range: 50-400 ft. Max motor: 200 Hp.	centrifugal_1-stage_3600_VSC_seider_2013
Pumps	Centrifugal, 2+-stage, 3600 rpm, HSC	flow capacity, gpm x sqrt[head, ft]	400	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling but not the motor. Flow rate range: 50-3,500 gpm. Head range: 50-200 ft. Max motor: 200 Hp.	centrifugal_2+-stage_3600_VSC_seider_2013
Pumps	Centrifugal, 2-stage, 3600 rpm, HSC	flow capacity, gpm x sqrt[head, ft]	400	100,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling but not the motor. Flow rate range: 50-3,500 gpm. Head range: 50-200 ft. Max motor: 200 Hp.	centrifugal_2-stage_3600_VSC_seider_2013
Pumps	External gear	flow capacity, gpm	10	900	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Cast iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes the base plate and driver coupling, but not the electric motor	external_gear_pump_seider_2013
Pumps	Large centrifugal, including motor	kW	30	300	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	large_centrifugal_including_motor_perry_1996
Pumps	Positive displacement	shaft power, kW	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	positive_displacement_pump_turton_2001
Pumps	Reciprocating	shaft power, kW	0.1	200	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	reciprocating_pump_turton_2001
Pumps	Reciprocating plunger	brake horsepower, BHp	10	900	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Ductile iron	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes a V-belt drive but not the electric motor.	reciprocating_plunger_pump_seider_2013
Pumps	Single-stage centrifugal	flow, L/s	0.2	126	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	single_stage_centrifugal_pump_towler_2010
Pumps	Small centrifugal, excluding motor	kW	0.37	30	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Excluding motor.	small_centrifugal_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Reactors	Autoclave	volume, m3	1	15	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	autoclave_reactor_turton_2001
Reactors	Autoclave, glass lined	vessel volume, gal	30	4,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressures to 300 psig. Includes turbine agitator and heat-transfer jacket.	autoclave_glass_lined_seider_2013
Reactors	Autoclave, stainless steel	vessel volume, gal	30	2,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressures to 300 psig. Includes turbine agitator and heat-transfer jacket.	autoclave_stainless_steel_seider_2013
Reactors	Autoclave, steel	vessel volume, gal	30	8,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Pressures to 300 psig. Includes turbine agitator and heat-transfer jacket.	autoclave_steel_seider_2013
Reactors	Fermenter	volume, m3	0.1	35	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	fermenter_reactor_turton_2001
Reactors	Glass-lined agitated	volume, m3	0.5	25	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	jacketed_agitated_glass_lined_reactor_towler_2010
Reactors	Indirect fluidized-bed	volume, m3	0.3	2,400	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		indirect_fluidbed_ulrich_2003
Reactors	Inoculum tank	volume, m3	0.07	1	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	inoculum_tank_reactor_turton_2001
Reactors	Jacketed agitated	volume, m3	0.5	100	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	jacketed_agitated_reactor_towler_2010
Reactors	Jacketed agitated	volume, m3	0.1	35	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	jacketed_agitated_reactor_turton_2001
Reactors	Jacketed nonagitated	volume, m3	5	45	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	jacketed_nonagitated_reactor_turton_2001
Reactors	Jacketed, including mixer	m3	0.04	15.1	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	jacketed_including_mixer_perry_1996
Reactors	Mixers/settler	volume, m3	0.04	60	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	mixers/settler_reactor_turton_2001
Reactors	Tubular fixed bed	shell mass, kg	160	250,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	tubular_fixed_bed_reactor_towler_2010
Screens	DSM	area, m2	0.3	6	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	dsm_screen_turton_2001
Screens	Rotary	area, m2	0.3	15	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	rotary_screen_turton_2001
Screens	Stationary	area, m2	2	11	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	stationary_screen_turton_2001
Screens	Vibrating	area, m2	0.3	15	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	vibrating_screen_turton_2001
Screens	Vibrating grizzly	surface area, ft2	6	40	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	vibrating_grizzlies_seider_2013
Screens	Vibrating screen, 1 deck	surface area, ft2	32	60	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	vibrating_screen_1deck_seider_2013
Screens	Vibrating screen, 2 decks	surface area, ft2	32	192	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	vibrating_screen_2deck_seider_2013
Screens	Vibrating screen, 3 decks	surface area, ft2	48	192	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	vibrating_screen_3deck_seider_2013
Screens	Vibrating, single-deck, including motor	m2	14	65	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Delivered cost.	vibrating_single_deck_including_motor_perry_1996
Size enlargement	Disk agglomerator	feed rate, lb/hr	800	80,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	disk_agglomerators_seider_2013
Size enlargement	Drum agglomerator	feed rate, lb/hr	800	240,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	drum_agglomerators_seider_2013
Size enlargement	Pellet mill	feed rate, lb/hr	800	80,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	pellet_mills_seider_2013
Size enlargement	Pug mill extruder	feed rate, lb/hr	80	40,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	pug_mill_extruders_seider_2013
Size enlargement	Roll-type press	feed rate, lb/hr	8,000	140,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	roll_type_presses_seider_2013
Size enlargement	Screw extruder	feed rate, lb/hr	8	800	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	screw_extruders_seider_2013
Size enlargement	Tableting press	feed rate, lb/hr	800	8,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	tableting_presses_seider_2013
Solid-liquid separators	Clarifier, concrete	settling area, ft2	8,000	125,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Concrete.	clarifier_concrete_seider_2013
Solid-liquid separators	Clarifier, steel	settling area, ft2	80	8,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	clarifier_steel_seider_2013
Solid-liquid separators	Hydroclone	liquid feed rate, gal/min	8	1,200	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	hydroclone_seider_2013
Solid-liquid separators	Thickener, concrete	settling area, ft2	8,000	125,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Concrete.	thickener_concrete_seider_2013
Solid-liquid separators	Thickener, steel	settling area, ft2	80	8,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	thickener_steel_seider_2013
Solid-liquid separators	Wet classifier (rake & spiral)	solids feed rate, lb/hr	8,000	800,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	wet_classifier_seider_2013
Solids-handling systems	Bin	volume, ft3	10	100,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. , atmospheric pressure.	bins_seider_2013
Solids-handling systems	Feeder, belt	volumetric flow rate, ft3/hr	120	500	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and belt drive.	feeder_belt_seider_2013
Solids-handling systems	Feeder, screw	volumetric flow rate, ft3/hr	400	10,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	feeder_screw_seider_2013
Solids-handling systems	Feeder, vibratory	volumetric flow rate, ft3/hr	40	900	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Includes motor and belt drive.	feeder_vibratory_seider_2013
Tanks	API-fixed roof	volume, m3	90	30,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	api-fixed_roof_tank_turton_2001
Tanks	API-floating roof	volume, m3	1,000	40,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	api-floating_roof_tank_turton_2001
Tanks	Atmospheric, horizontal cylinder	m3	0.4	151	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	atmospheric_horizontal_cylinder_perry_1996
Tanks	Cone roof	volume, gal	10,000	1,000,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. , pressure to 3 psig.	cone_roof_tank_seider_2013
Tanks	Cone-roof tank	capacity, m3	10	4,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	cone_roof_tank_towler_2010
Tanks	Floating roof	volume, gal	30,000	1,000,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. , pressure to 3 psig.	floating_roof_tank_seider_2013
Tanks	Floating-roof tank	capacity, m3	100	10,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	floating_roof_tank_towler_2010
Tanks	Gas holder	volume, ft3	4,000	400,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. , pressure to 3 psig.	gas_holder_seider_2013
Tanks	Open	volume, gal	1,000	30,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost. Fiberglass.	open_tank_fiberglass_seider_2013
Tanks	Spherical, 0-30 psig	volume, gal	10,000	1,000,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	spherical_tank_low_p_seider_2013
Tanks	Spherical, 30-200 psig	volume, gal	10,000	750,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	spherical_tank_high_p_seider_2013
Tanks	Vertical agitated, excluding motor	m3	0.4	76	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost. Including motor.	vertical_agitated_excluding_motor_perry_1996
Tanks	Vertical cylinder	m3	0.4	76	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	vertical_cylinder_perry_1996
Tanks	Vertical jacketed	m3	0.26	5.7	power-sizing	1996	Carbon steel	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	f.o.b cost.	vertical_jacketed_perry_1996
Towers	Distillation including internals (trays)	(feed, lb/year / 106)0.65	300	30,000	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Installed cost.	distillation_including_internals_trays_perry_1996
Towers	Platform & ladders for towers	vessel’s insider diameter, ft & tangent-to-tangent length of the shell, ft	3	24	2-var power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost.	tower_platform_ladder_seider_2013
Towers	Tray and packed	volume, m3	0.3	520	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	tower_tray_n_packed_turton_2001
Towers	Vertical pressure vessels for separation	weight of shell & two heads, lb	9,000	2,500,000	ln-ln quadratic	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	f.o.b. purchase cost. Vertical pressure vessels for various separation operations, including distillation, absorption, and stripping. Including nozzles, manholes, a skirt, and internals, platforms (but not plates and/or packing)	vertical_pressure_vessel_for_separation_seider_2013
Trays	Bubble-cap	column diameter, m	0.5	5	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	bubble_cap_tray_towler_2010
Trays	Bubble-cap	inside tower diameter, ft	2	16	exponential	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed cost.	bubble_cap_tray_seider_2013
Trays	Demisters	area, m2	0.7	10.5	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	trays_demisters_turton_2001
Trays	Liquid distributor	column cross-sectional area, ft2			offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed costs. Very approximate estimate in the absence of a vendor quote; cost data for high-performance liquid distributors and redistributors are not widely available.	liquid_distributor_seider_2013
Trays	Sieve	column diameter, m	0.5	5	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost. Cost per tray, based on a stack of 30 trays.	sieve_tray_towler_2010
Trays	Sieve	area, m2	0.07	12.3	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	trays_sieve_turton_2001
Trays	Sieve	inside tower diameter, ft	2	16	exponential	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed cost. Cost per tray.	sieve_tray_seider_2013
Trays	Valve	column diameter, m	0.5	5	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	valve_tray_towler_2010
Trays	Valve	area, m2	0.7	10.5	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	trays_valve_turton_2001
Trays	Valve	inside tower diameter, ft	2	16	exponential	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Section 16.5	Installed cost.	valve_tray_seider_2013
Turbines	Axial gas turbine	shaft power, kW	10	10,000	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		axial_gas_turbine_ulrich_2003
Turbines	Axial gas turbines	fluid power, kW	100	4,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	axial_gas_turbines_turton_2001
Turbines	Condensing steam turbine	shaft power, kW	100	20,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	condensing_steam_turbine_towler_2010
Turbines	Gas expander, pressure discharge	power extracted, Hp	20	5,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	gas_expander_pressure_discharge_seider_2013
Turbines	Gas expander, vacuum discharge	power extracted, Hp	200	8,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	gas_expander_vacuum_discharge_seider_2013
Turbines	Gas turbine	shaft power, kW	7,500	23,000	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	gas_turbine_turton_2001
Turbines	Gas turbine	shaft power, Hp	100	10,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	gas_turbine_seider_2013
Turbines	Liquid expander	power extracted, Hp	150	2,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	liquid_expander_seider_2013
Turbines	Radial expander	shaft power, kW	2.5	1,500	offset power-law	2003	n.a.	Ulrich (2003)		radial_expander_ulrich_2003
Turbines	Radial gas/liquid expanders	fluid power, kW	100	1,500	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	radial_gas_liquid_expanders_turton_2001
Turbines	Steam turbine	gross power, MWe			offset power-law	2002	n.a.	Kreutz (2002)	With condenser	steam_turbine_kreutz_2002
Turbines	Steam turbine	shaft power, kW	70	7,500	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	steam_turbine_turton_2001
Turbines	Steam turbine, condensing	shaft power, Hp	250	10,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	steam_turbine_condensing_seider_2013
Turbines	Steam turbine, noncondensing	shaft power, Hp	250	10,000	offset power-law	2013	Carbon steel	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	f.o.b. purchase cost.	steam_turbine_noncondensing_seider_2013
Utilities	Cooling tower & pumps	flow, L/s	100	10,000	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Field assembly.	cooling_tower_n_pumps_towler_2010
Utilities	Packaged mechanical refrigerator	evaporator duty, kW	50	1,500	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	packaged_mechanical_refrigerator_towler_2010
Utilities	Refrigeration, package mechanical	kW	35.2	3,520	power-sizing	1996	n.a.	Perry (1997) Table 9-50	Installed cost.	refrigeration_package_mechanical_perry_1996
Utilities	Wastewater treatment, primary	wastewater rate, gal/min	75	75,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	Bare-module cost	wastewater_primary_seider_2013
Utilities	Wastewater treatment, primary + secondary	wastewater rate, gal/min	75	75,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	Bare-module cost	wastewater_primary_secondary_seider_2013
Utilities	Wastewater treatment, primary + secondary + tertiary	wastewater rate, gal/min	75	75,000	offset power-law	2013	n.a.	Seider et al. (2016) Table 16.32	Bare-module cost	wastewater_primary_secondary_tertiary_seider_2013
Utilities	Water ion exchange plant	flow, m3/h	1	50	offset power-law	2010	Carbon steel	Towler & Sinnott (2010) Table 7.2	Purchased cost.	water_ion_exchange_plant_towler_2010
Vaporizers	Internal coils/jackets	volume, m3	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	internal_coils_vaporizers_turton_2001
Vaporizers	Jacketed vessels	volume, m3	1	100	log-log quadratic	2001	Carbon steel	Turton et al. (2018) Table A.1	Purchased cost, ambient pressure	jacketed_vessels_vaporizers_turton_2001

The Equipment class

from openpytea import Equipment

Each Equipment object represents one piece of process equipment. On construction it automatically:

1. Looks up the matching cost correlation from cost_correlations.csv.

2. Computes the purchased cost, with automatic parallelization if the size parameter exceeds the correlation’s upper bound.

3. Inflates the cost to the target year using CEPCI.

4. Applies process and material factors to produce the direct (installed) cost.

Constructor parameters

Parameter	Type	Description
name	str	Identifier for this equipment item (used in plots and reports).
param	float, or tuple/list of two floats	Size/capacity parameter. Units depend on the equipment type — check cost_correlations.csv. Pass a 2-element (S1, S2) tuple/list for two-parameter forms such as "2-var power-law" (see Example 10). Ignored when purchased_cost is given.
process_type	str	"Solids", "Fluids", "Mixed", or "Electrical" — controls default installation factor values.
category	str	Equipment category — must match a row in cost_correlations.csv (case-insensitive).
type	str or None	Equipment sub-type within the category. Required when a category has multiple types.
material	str or None	Construction material. Default: None, which uses the resolved correlation’s default material (falling back to "Carbon steel" if there’s no match). A material that matches this resolved default — whether auto-filled or passed explicitly — always gets \(f_m = 1.0\), since the correlation’s cost already prices that material in. Passing a different material instead uses the ratio of the two materials’ factors from the table below (target \(f_m\) divided by default \(f_m\), using 1.0 for a default material not in the table, e.g. “Cast iron”), so the factor stays relative to the correlation’s actual cost basis instead of double-counting it. Raises if the target material isn’t found in the table.
target_year	int	Year to inflate costs to. Default: 2024.
purchased_cost	float or None	Supply your own purchased cost and bypass the correlation entirely.
cost_year	int or None	Reference year of a manually supplied purchased_cost. If given, CEPCI inflation is applied from this year to target_year.
cost_func	str or None	Explicit correlation key (the key column in the CSV). Use this to select a specific correlation when multiple exist for the same category/type.
num_units	int or None	Override the number of parallel units. By default this is set automatically by the parallelization logic.
piping_factor, erection_factor, … lagging_factor	float or None	Per-factor overrides. None uses the process_type default.
material_factor	float or None	Override the material factor. None uses 1.0 when material matches the resolved default, or the ratio of the two materials’ table factors otherwise.

Usage examples

The examples below show the main ways to create Equipment objects. To see the printed outputs of each code cell, refer to the walkthrough notebook.

Example 1 — Standard usage

Define a heat exchanger using a correlation from the database:

from openpytea import Equipment

hx = Equipment(
    name="HX-101",
    param=250,                       # heat transfer area in m²
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Heat exchangers",
    type="Floating head",
    material="316 stainless steel",
    target_year=2024,
)

print(hx)
print(f"Purchased cost : ${hx.purchased_cost:,.0f}")
print(f"Direct cost    : ${hx.direct_cost:,.0f}")

Example 2 — Selecting a specific correlation key

When multiple correlations cover the same equipment type (e.g., compressors from different studies), use cost_func to pin the exact database key:

comp = Equipment(
    name="COMP-01",
    param=1,                         # net electric power, MW
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Compressors, fans, & blowers",
    type="Compressor, centrifugal",
    material="Carbon steel",
    cost_func="co2_compressor_manzolini_2011",
)
print(comp)

Example 3 — Manually specified purchased cost

Skip the correlation entirely and supply your own cost. If you also provide cost_year, CEPCI inflation to target_year is applied automatically:

dryer = Equipment(
    name="Rotary Dryer D-301",
    param=0,                         # ignored when purchased_cost is set
    process_type="Solids",
    category="Dryers",
    material="Carbon steel",
    purchased_cost=1_500_000,        # vendor quote in 2021 USD
    cost_year=2021,                  # inflated to target_year=2024
)
print(dryer)

Example 4 — Automatic parallelization

When param exceeds the correlation’s upper capacity limit, the module splits the load into the minimum number of equal parallel units:

# The centrifugal compressor correlation is valid up to 30 000 kW.
# Requesting 50 000 kW triggers automatic splitting into 2 units.
large_comp = Equipment(
    name="COMP-LARGE",
    param=50_000,                    # driver power in kW
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Compressors, fans, & blowers",
    type="Compressor, centrifugal",
    material="Carbon steel",
)
print(large_comp)
print(f"Number of parallel units: {large_comp.num_units}")

Example 5 — Inflation to a custom target year

hx_2020 = Equipment(
    name="HX-102",
    param=250,
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Heat exchangers",
    type="Floating head",
    material="316 stainless steel",
    target_year=2020,                # inflate to 2020 instead of 2024
)
print(hx_2020)

Example 6 — Fixing the number of units manually

fridge = Equipment(
    name="Refrigerator R-201",
    param=180,
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Utilities",
    type="Packaged mechanical refrigerator",
    num_units=3,                     # bypass auto-parallelization
)
print(fridge)

Example 7 — Automatic default material resolution

Leaving material unset resolves it from the matched correlation’s own default material column, with \(f_m = 1.0\) — the correlation’s quoted cost already prices in that material, so no extra multiplier is applied. This batch centrifuge correlation defaults to “Stainless steel”:

centrifuge = Equipment(
    name="Centrifuge C-101",
    param=30,                        # bowl diameter, in
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Centrifuges",
    type="Batch, bottom-drive, vertical basket",
)
print(f"material        : {centrifuge.material}")         # Stainless steel
print(f"material_factor : {centrifuge.material_factor}")  # 1.0

Passing a different material instead rescales the table’s factor relative to the correlation’s own default rather than the usual carbon steel baseline — requesting Inconel construction here applies the ratio of Inconel’s factor to Stainless steel’s factor (1.70 / 1.30 ≈ 1.31), not the raw 1.70, since the correlation’s cost basis is already stainless steel rather than carbon steel:

centrifuge_inconel = Equipment(
    name="Centrifuge C-101 (Inconel)",
    param=30,
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Centrifuges",
    type="Batch, bottom-drive, vertical basket",
    material="Inconel",
)
print(f"material_factor : {centrifuge_inconel.material_factor:.3f}")  # 1.308

If the resolved default isn’t recognized in material_factors (e.g. “Cast iron”, “Ceramic”), it’s still reported as material with \(f_m = 1.0\), and an explicit different material falls back to its raw table factor (an unrecognized default has no factor to divide out).

Example 8 — Comparing materials

The material factor \(f_m\) multiplies the installed cost. Here the same agitator is costed in carbon steel versus Hastelloy C:

mixer_cs = Equipment(
    name="Agitator M-101",
    param=100,
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Agitators, blenders, & mixers",
    type="Propeller mixer",
    material="Carbon steel",         # fm = 1.00
)

mixer_alloy = Equipment(
    name="Agitator M-101 (Hastelloy)",
    param=100,
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Agitators, blenders, & mixers",
    type="Propeller mixer",
    material="Hastelloy C",          # fm = 1.55
)

print(f"Carbon steel direct cost : ${mixer_cs.direct_cost:,.0f}")
print(f"Hastelloy C direct cost  : ${mixer_alloy.direct_cost:,.0f}")

Example 9 — Overriding installation factors

Individual installation factors can be overridden without affecting the rest. The class attributes process_factors and material_factors show all defaults:

# Inspect defaults first
print(Equipment.process_factors["Fluids"])
print(Equipment.material_factors["316 stainless steel"])

reactor = Equipment(
    name="Reactor R-101",
    param=50,
    process_type="Fluids",
    category="Reactors",
    type="Glass-lined agitated",
    material="316 stainless steel",
    piping_factor=0.95,              # override default 0.80
    material_factor=1.4,             # override default 1.30
)
print(f"piping_factor   : {reactor.piping_factor}")
print(f"material_factor : {reactor.material_factor}")

Example 10 — Two-parameter correlations

Correlations with form = "2-var power-law" are priced off two independent size parameters. Pass both as a (S1, S2) tuple/list in param — here, belt width (in) and belt length (ft):

belt = Equipment(
    name="Belt conveyor BC-101",
    param=(24, 150),                 # (width, in;  length, ft)
    process_type="Solids",
    category="Conveyors",
    cost_func="belt_conveyor_seider_2013",
)
print(belt)

s2_lower/s2_upper in the CSV bound the second parameter the same way s_lower/s_upper bound the first, except exceeding s2_upper always raises ValueError — it never triggers parallelization the way s_upper does.

Listing available equipment

Print all categories and types in the built-in database:

from openpytea.equipment import CostCorrelationDB, COST_DB_DF

db = CostCorrelationDB(COST_DB_DF)

# All unique categories
print(db.df["category"].unique())

# All types and metadata for a specific category
mask = db.df["category"].str.lower() == "heat exchangers"
print(db.df.loc[mask, ["type", "form", "cost_year", "source"]])

You can also download the full database: cost_correlations.csv

Available materials

The table below lists the valid material strings and their factors \(f_m\). Costs are relative to carbon steel (= 1.0).

Source: Towler & Sinnott (2022)

Material	Factor \(f_m\)
"Carbon steel"	1.00
"Aluminum"	1.07
"Bronze"	1.07
"Cast steel"	1.10
"Stainless steel"	1.30
"304 stainless steel"	1.30
"316 stainless steel"	1.30
"321 stainless steel"	1.50
"Hastelloy C"	1.55
"Monel"	1.65
"Nickel"	1.70
"Inconel"	1.70

"Stainless steel" (no grade specified) is not part of the original Towler & Sinnott table — it’s added here, set equal to "304 stainless steel" since that’s the most common general-purpose grade. This is also the value used in cost_correlations.csv for rows whose default material is unspecified-grade stainless steel.

Process installation factors

Default installation factors by process_type. Any factor can be overridden per equipment item via the corresponding constructor keyword (e.g., piping_factor=0.95).

Source: Towler & Sinnott (2022)

Factor	Solids	Fluids	Mixed	Electrical
Erection \((f_{er})\)	0.60	0.30	0.50	0.40
Piping \((f_p)\)	0.20	0.80	0.60	0.10
Instrumentation \((f_i)\)	0.20	0.30	0.30	0.70
Electrical \((f_{el})\)	0.15	0.20	0.20	0.70
Civil \((f_c)\)	0.20	0.30	0.30	0.20
Structural steel \((f_s)\)	0.10	0.20	0.20	0.10
Lagging & painting \((f_l)\)	0.05	0.10	0.10	0.10

Standalone inflation adjustment

The inflation_adjustment() function can be used independently to convert any cost between years:

from openpytea import inflation_adjustment

# Convert a $500 000 cost quoted in 2015 to 2024 USD
adjusted = inflation_adjustment(500_000, cost_year=2015, target_year=2024)
print(f"2015 cost: $500,000  →  2024 cost: ${adjusted:,.0f}")

See also

• Equipment — full API reference

• CostCorrelationDB — database interface

• inflation_adjustment() — CEPCI utility

• Walkthrough notebook — end-to-end worked example

References

• Towler, G.; Sinnott, R. Chemical Engineering Design, 3rd ed.; Elsevier, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2019-0-02025-0